数据来源条目：Encyclopaedia Britannica, Al-Azhar University, history and founding context.

数据来源条目：University of Bologna, Our history, 1088 founding tradition.

数据来源条目：University of Oxford, Our history, teaching existed in 1096.

数据来源条目：University of Cambridge, Cambridge at a glance, founded in 1209.

数据来源条目：Universidad de Salamanca, Historia, founded in 1218.

数据来源条目：University of Padua, History, established in 1222.

数据来源条目：University of Naples Federico II, Historical background, founded in 1224.

数据来源条目：University of Siena / HRS4R description, General description, founded in 1240.

数据来源条目：University of Valladolid, History, traditional origin and 1241 caveat.