1
Mongol Empire
- Peak Population (million)
- 110
- Peak Period / Territory Area
- Mid-13th century / ~24 million km²
Top 10Updated 2026年3月3日
Top 10 Ancient Empires by Population
This ranking is based on widely accepted peak population figures of ancient empires from the 6th century BCE to the 16th century CE. Population data synthesizes official census records, archaeological evidence, and modern demographic research, reflecting each empire's human resource control and governance capacity at its zenith.
Top 3
- 1Mongol Empire
- 2
Interesting Facts & Summary
Staggering Statistics: The Empire on Horseback
At the zenith of its power, the Mongol Empire sat atop the list, commanding an estimated 25%-30% of the global population at the time. In the 13th century, one out of every four people on Earth lived under the Mongol banner.
- Comparative Scale: While the Roman Empire (peaking at approximately 50-70 million) boasted a more established bureaucracy and a longer duration of stability, its peak population was only about half that of the Mongol Empire. The Mongols achieved this through sheer velocity of conquest and administrative integration.
- Historical Insight: The empire did more than just expand borders; by effectively 'reopening' the Silk Road, the Mongols facilitated the most significant intercontinental trade and cultural exchange of the pre-modern era, driving human mobility to an unprecedented peak in the age of cold weapons.
| Rank | Empire Name | Peak Population (million) | Peak Period / Territory Area |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mongol Empire | 110 | Mid-13th century / ~24 million km² |
| 2 | Abbasid Caliphate | 50 | Early 9th century / ~11.1 million km² |
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